12 This chapter gives an account of one of the most memorable ordinances, and one of the most memorable providences of all that art recorded in the old testament.

1. None of all the ordinances of the Jewish church were more eminent than that of the passover. It consisted of three parts.
   1. The killing and eating of the paschal lamb, Exo 12:1-6, Exo 12:8-11.
      
   2. The sprinkling of the blood upon the doorposts, peculiar to the first passover, Exo 12:7.
      with the reason for it, Exo 12:11-13.
      
   3. The feast of unleavened bread for seven days after; this points rather at what was to be done after in the observance of this ordinance, Exo 12:14-20.
      This institution is communicated to the people, and they instructed in the observance.
      1. Of this first passover, Exo 12:21-23.
         
      2. Of the after passovers, Exo 12:24-27.
      
      And the Israelites obedience to these orders, Exo 12:28.
   
   
2. None of all the providences of God concerning the Jewish church was more illustrious, than the deliverance of the children of Israel out of Egypt.
   1. The first - born of the Egyptians are slain, Exo 12:29-30.
      
   2. Orders are given immediately for their discharge, Exo 12:31-33.
      
   3. They begin their march,
      1. Loaded with their own effects, Exo 12:34.
         
      2. Enriched with the spoils of Egypt, Exo 12:35-36.
         
      3. Attended with a mixed multitude, Exo 12:37-38.
         
      4. Put to their shifts for present supply, Exo 12:39.
      
      This event is dated, Exo 12:40-42.
   
   
3. A recapitulation in the close, 1st. Of this memorable ordinance, with some additions, Exo 12:43-49.
   2dly. Of this memorable providence, Exo 12:50-51.
   

12:1 The Lord spake - Had spoken, before the three days darkness. But the mention of it was put off to this place, that the history of the plagues might not be interrupted.

12:2 This shall be to you the beginning of months - They had hitherto begun their year from the middle of September, but hence - forward they were to begin it from the middle of March, at least in all their ecclesiastical computations. We may suppose that while Moses was bringing the ten plagues upon the Egyptians, he was directing the Israelites to prepare for their departure at an hour's warning.Probably he had, by degrees, brought them near together from their dispersions, for they are here called the congregation of Israel; and to them, as a congregation, orders are here sent.

12:3 Take every man a lamb - In each of their families, or two or three families, if they were small, join for a lamb. The lamb was to be got ready four days before. and that afternoon they went, they were to kill it, (Exo 12:6,) as a sacrifice, not strictly, for it was not offered upon the altar, but as a religious ceremony, acknowledging God's goodness to them, not only in preserving them from, but in delivering them by the plagues inflicted on the Egyptians. The lamb so slain they were to eat roasted (we may suppose in its several quarters) with unleavened bread and bitter herbs; they were to eat it in haste, Exo 12:11, and to leave none of it until the morning; for God wouldhave them to depend upon him for their daily bread. Before they eat the flesh of the lamb, they were to sprinkle the blood upon the door - posts; by which their houses were to be distinguished from the houses of the Egyptians, and so their first - born secured from the sword of the destroying angel. Dreadful work was to be made this night in Egypt; all the first - born both of man and beast were to be slain; and judgment executed upon the gods of Egypt, Num 33:4. It is probable the idols which the Egyptians worshipped were defaced, those of metal melted, those of wood consumed, and those of stone broke to pieces. This was to be annually observed as a feast of the Lord in their generations, to which the feast of unleavened bread was annexed, during which, for seven days, they were to eat no bread but what was unleavened, in remembrance of their being confined to such bread for many days after they came out of Egypt, Exo 12:14-20. There was much of the gospel in this ordinance:

1. The paschal lamb was typical.
   1. Christ is our passover, Co1 5:7,and is the Lamb of God, Joh 1:29.
   2. It was to be a male of the first year; in its prime.Christ offered up himself in the midst of his days. It notes the strength and sufficiency of the Lord Jesus, on whom our help was laid.
   3. It was to be without blemish, noting the purity of the Lord Jesus,a lamb without spot, Pe1 1:19.
   4. It was to be set apart four days before, noting the designation of theLord Jesus to be a Saviour, both in the purpose and in the promise. It is observable, that as Christ was crucified at the passover, so he solemnly entered into Jerusalem four days before, the very day that the paschal lamb was set apart.
   5. It was to be slain and roasted with fire, noting the exquisitesufferings of the Lord Jesus, even unto death, the death of the cross.
   6. It was to be killed by the whole congregation between the two evenings,that is, between three o'clock and six. Christ suffered in the latter end of the world, Heb 9:26, by the hand of the Jews, the whole multitude of them, Luk 23:18.
   7. Not a bone of it must be broken, Exo 12:46, which is expresslysaid to be fulfilled in Christ, Joh 19:33, Joh 19:36.
2. The sprinkling of the blood was typical. 1st, It was not enough that the blood of the lamb was shed, but itmust be sprinkled, noting the application of the merits of Christ's death to our souls; 2dly, It was to be sprinkled upon the door - posts, noting the openprofession we are to make of faith in Christ, and obedience to him.The mark of the beast may be received in the forehead, or in the right hand, but the seal of the lamb is always in the forehead, Rev 7:3. 3dly, The blood thus sprinkled was a means of the preservation of theIsraelites from the destroying angel. If the blood of Christ be sprinkled upon our consciences, it will be our protection from the wrath of God, the curse of the law, and the damnation of hell.
3. The solemn eating of the lamb was typical of our gospel duty toChrist. 1st, The paschal lamb was killed not to be looked upon only, but to befed upon; so we must by faith make Christ ours, as we do that which we eat, and we must receive spiritual strength and nourishment from him, as from our food, and have delight in him, as we have in eating and drinking when we are hungry or thirsty. 2dly, It was to be all eaten: those that, by faith, feed uponChrist, must feed upon a whole Christ. They must take Christ and his yoke, Christ and his cross, as well as Christ and his crown. 3dly, It was to be eaten with bitter herbs, in remembrance of thebitterness of their bondage in Egypt; we must feed upon Christ with brokenness of heart, in remembrance of sin. 4thly, It was to be eaten in a departing posture Exo 12:11, whenwe feed upon Christ by faith, we must sit loose to the world, and every thing in it.
4. The feast of unleavened bread was typical of the Christian life, Co1 5:7-8. Having received Christ Jesus the Lord, 1st. We must keep a feast, in holy joy, continually delightingourselves in Christ Jesus; If true believers have not a continual feast, it is their own fault. 2dly, It must be a feast of unleavened bread, kept in charity,without the leaven of malice, and in sincerity, without the leaven of hypocrisy. All the old leaven of sin must be put far from us, with the utmost caution, if we would keep the feast of a holy life to the honour of Christ. 3dly, It was to be an ordinance forever. As long as we live we mustcontinue feeding upon Christ, and rejoicing in him always, with thankful mention of the great things he has done for us.

11 

11:23 I received - By an immediate revelation.

11:24 This is my body, which is broken for you - That is, this broken bread is the sign of my body, which is even now to be pierced and wounded for your iniquities. Take then, and eat of, this bread, in an humble, thankful, obediential remembrance of my dying love; of the extremity of my sufferings on your behalf, of the blessings I have thereby procured for you, and of the obligations to love and duty which I have by all this laid upon you.

11:25 After supper - Therefore ye ought not to confound this with a common meal. Do this in remembrance of me - The ancient sacrifices were in remembrance of sin: this sacrifice, once offered, is still represented in remembrance of the remission of sins.

11:26 Ye show forth the Lord's death - Ye proclaim, as it were, and openly avow it to God, and to all the world. Till he come - In glory.

13 

13:1 Before the feast - Namely, on Wednesday, in the paschal week. Having loved his own - His apostles, he loved them to the end - Of his life.

13:2 Having now - Probably now first.

13:3 Jesus knowing - Though conscious of his own greatness, thus humbled himself.

13:4 Layeth aside his garments - That part of them which would have hindered him.

13:5 Into the basin - A large vessel was usually placed for this very purpose, wherever the Jews supped.

13:7 What I do thou knowest not now; but thou shalt know hereafter - We do not now know perfectly any of his works, either of creation, providence, or grace. It is enough that we can love and obey now, and that we shall know hereafter.

13:8 If I wash thee not - If thou dost not submit to my will, thou hast no part with me - Thou art not my disciple. In a more general sense it may mean, If I do not wash thee in my blood, and purify thee by my Spirit, thou canst have no communion with me, nor any share in the blessings of my kingdom.

13:9 Lord, not my feet only - How fain would man be wiser than God!Yet this was well meant, though ignorant earnestness.

13:10 And so ye, having been already cleansed, need only to wash your feet - That is, to walk holy and undefiled.

13:14 Ye ought also to wash one another's feet - And why did they not? Why do we not read of any one apostle ever washing the feet of any other? Because they understood the Lord better.They knew he never designed that this should be literally taken.He designed to teach them the great lesson of humble love, as well as to confer inward purity upon them. And hereby he teaches us,

1. In every possible way to assist each other in attaining that purity;
2. To wash each other's feet, by performing all sorts of good offices to each other, even those of the lowest kind, when opportunity serves, and the necessity of any calls for them.