The gift of "speaking in tongues", "praying in tongues", or simply the "gift of tongues", in Greek "glossolalia" — is one of the many gifts of the Holy Spirit, which is given for edification in the faith and the growth of the Church. In different eras and in different parts of the Church, this gift manifests itself in various ways; at times it may become unnoticeable or noticeably transformed...
The gift of "speaking in tongues", "praying in tongues", or simply the "gift of tongues", in Greek "glossolalia" — is one of the many gifts of the Holy Spirit, which is given for edification in the faith and the growth of the Church. In different eras and in different parts of the Church, this gift manifests itself in various ways; at times it may become unnoticeable or noticeably transformed. This is natural, for the gifts of the Holy Spirit are always given with a specific purpose — "for the edification of the Church". Nevertheless, it can be said that in one form or another, this gift is always present in the Church.
We know of at least three main varieties of this gift.
First, there is the gift of speaking in a language unknown to the speaker. This is how the apostles spoke on the day of Pentecost. This is how, quite often, preachers and missionaries speak, and their word reaches the hearts of the listeners. It is essential that this form of glossolalia occurs if and only if a person is speaking about Jesus Christ, His Cross, and Resurrection. At present, this gift is quite rare.
Second, glossolalia may be expressed when a person in prayer praises God in a language that does not exist among the nations of the Earth. This is usually called "tongues of angels". Love for God, reverence before Him, and adoration of Him encompass at this moment not only the person's heart, but also their mind and emotional sphere... And suddenly the prayer is poured out in words incomprehensible to the person themselves. According to the testimony of early Christians, the Holy Spirit simultaneously grants another person the gift of interpretation, so that "the church may receive edification". This gift is currently widespread enough to be a noticeable phenomenon in the Church.
However, in our time, the gift of interpretation is much less common. Perhaps this is related to the fact that the edification of the modern Church is carried out differently than in the ancient one. To understand this gift, it is important to keep a few points in mind. Speaking in tongues of angels is given, as a rule (though not always), through the prayer of other Christians — those who possess this gift. Furthermore, the speaker usually does not understand the meaning of their own words. They are aware only of a certain non-verbal sense of the prayer in which they began speaking in such a language. In different parts of the Church there is a certain continuity, so that by the way glossolalia manifests in a person's prayer, one can quite accurately discern in which Church they received this gift. The glossolalia of Pentecostals is not the same as that of Catholics, and the glossolalia of Lutherans differs from that of the Orthodox. Often, such glossolalia sounds like a language unknown to humanity. Most commonly, this glossolalia (across all denominations) is compared to ancient Hebrew or Aramaic. Perhaps the Holy Spirit engages some aspects of the person's personality that are unknown to us... It is fundamentally important that this form of glossolalia is given during prayer and for prayer, usually — for the glorification of God.
Third, there is another form of glossolalia closely connected to the previous one. This should rather be called non-verbal prayer. The Apostle Paul speaks of this, saying that the Holy Spirit intercedes for us with groanings which cannot be uttered. This prayer differs from the previous form in that distinct speech elements (words, phrases) are not always discernible in it, and in that such a prayer is sung rather than spoken. Often it is born as a continuation (and intensification) of our usual prayer and psalmody. In this, the Holy Spirit allows our heart to break out beyond the limits of human language and turn to God in some other, highly personal, yet non-verbal way.
Since ancient times, this prayer-glossolalia predominantly occurred during divine services. It was such an ordinary occurrence that church liturgical rubrics of the second half of the first millennium even designate moments in the service when this gift of the Holy Spirit typically manifests in the community. Some Orthodox typicons, including Russian ones, retained such instructions right up until the end of the 15th century. Generally speaking, however, since the end of the first millennium, this form of glossolalia has largely transitioned into the realm of church musical creativity.
Since the end of the 19th century, in various parts of the Church, the Holy Spirit has begun to explicitly bestow these gifts anew, albeit in different ways. This is likely due to the fact that different Churches have "dried up" to varying degrees in theological theorizing and have lost the experience of a living connection with the Spirit. It is perhaps for our edification in this regard that the Lord renews these gifts of His within us.
It is important to note in conclusion that the only gift of the Holy Spirit that is absolutely indispensable for the life of the Church, without which She cannot exist, is the gift of love. All else is given as the need arises...
21 k) Texte cité très librement.
21 l) Comme les Israélites n’écoutent pas le prophète, il les menace d’avoir à écouter les langues incompréhensibles d’envahisseurs étrangers.
22 m) Dans le style de la diatribe, Paul met dans la bouche d’un opposant imaginaire une conclusion tirée de la citation. Si la glossolalie est sans utilité dans l’Église (à la différence de la prophétie) elle doit avoir un but apologétique en servant de signe pour ceux de l’extérieur. Paul contredit alors cela aux vv. 23-24.
32 n) Sinon, s’il semble avoir perdu le contrôle de son activité, c’est un faux prophète.
34 o) Les vv. 34-35, que certains mss placent après le v. 40, sont une interpolation post-paulinienne. Outre qu’il s’agit là d’un appel à l’obéissance à la loi (peut-être Gn 3.16) qui ne ressemble guère à Paul, l’exigence que les femmes gardent le silence contredit 11.5. Cette injonction reflète la misogynie de 1 Tm 2.11-14 et a probablement son origine dans la même Église.
36 p) Puisque la réponse est négative, Paul invite les Corinthiens à accepter les règles en usage dans les autres Églises en ce qui concerne la conduite des prophètes, v. 29-33.
38 q) Ignoré de Dieu, qui ne le reconnaît pas pour sien. — Var. « s’il l’ignore, qu’il l’ignore » (boutade de Paul agacé). Sur cette façon de clore une discussion, cf. 11.16 ; Ph 3.15.
Tandis qu’il écrivait les épîtres aux Thessaloniciens, Paul évangélisait Corinthe durant plus de dix-huit mois, Ac 18.1-18, du printemps 50 à la fin de l’été 51. Selon sa coutume d’agir dans les grands centres, il voulait implanter la foi au Christ dans ce port fameux très peuplé, d’où elle rayonnerait dans toute l’Achaïe, 2 Co 1.1 ; 9.2. De fait, il réussit à y établir, surtout dans les couches modestes de la population, 1 Co 1.26-28, une forte communauté. Mais cette grande ville était un foyer de culture grecque, où s’affrontaient des courants de pensée et de religion fort divers. Le contact de la jeune foi chrétienne avec cette capitale du paganisme devait poser pour les néophytes bien des problèmes délicats. C’est à les résoudre que s’emploie l’Apôtre dans les deux lettres qu’il leur écrit.
La genèse de ces deux épîtres est assez claire, en dépit de quelques points douteux. Une première lettre « précanonique », 1 Co 5.9-13, de date incertaine, n’a pas été conservée. Plus tard, durant le séjour qu’il fit à Éphèse au cours du troisième voyage, durant juste un peu plus de deux ans (52-54), Ac 19.1 ; 20.1, des questions apportées par une délégation de Corinthiens, 1 Co 16.17, auxquelles s’ajoutaient des informations reçues par le moyen d’Apollos, Ac 18.27s ; 1 Co 16.12, et des « gens de Chloé », 1 Co 1.11, poussèrent Paul à écrire une nouvelle lettre, qui est notre 1 Co, aux environs de Pâques 54 (1 Co 5.7s ; 16.5-9). Peu après, une crise dut se produire à Corinthe, où Timothée joua probablement un rôle, (1 Co 4.17 ; 16.10-11) et qui l’obligea à y faire une visite rapide et pénible, 2 Co 1.23–2.1, au cours de laquelle il promit de revenir bientôt, 2 Co 1.15-16. En fait, il ne revint pas et remplaça cette visite par une lettre sévère et écrite « parmi bien des larmes », 2 Co 2.3s, 9, qui produisit un effet salutaire, 2 Co 7.8-13. C’est en Macédoine, après avoir quitté Éphèse à la suite de crises très graves mal connues de nous, 1 Co 15.32 ; 2 Co 1.8-10 ; Ac 19.23-40, que Paul apprit de Tite cet heureux résultat, 2 Co 1.12s ; 7.5-16 ; et c’est alors qu’il écrivit les deux parties de 2 Co, pendant le printemps et l’été de 55. Il devait ensuite repasser par Corinthe, Ac 20.1s, cf. 2 Co 9.5 ; 12.14 ; 13.1, 10, pour de là remonter à Jérusalem et y être fait prisonnier.
Selon certains, 2 Co serait une compilation de plusieurs lettres – jusqu’à cinq – envoyées par Paul à Corinthe en différentes occasions. D’autres, moins impressionnés par les transitions difficiles que cette théorie cherche à expliquer, admettent cependant que les chap. 10-13 ne peuvent être la suite de 1-9. Il est psychologiquement impossible que Paul passe brutalement de la célébration de la réconciliation des chap. 1-9 à l’admonestation amère et aux justifications sarcastiques des chap. 10-13. On a suggéré que les chap. 10-13 pourraient être l’épître écrite dans les larmes, à cause de leur ton sévère, mais cela ne convient guère au contexte. L’épître écrite dans les larmes a été provoquée par la conduite d’un individu, 2 Co :2.5-8, or il n’y est même pas fait allusion dans les chap. 10-13, qui parlent du tort fait aux communautés par les faux apôtres. Il est donc plus probable que ces chapitres ont été déterminés par une détérioration de la situation à Corinthe après l’envoi des chap. 1-9.
Si ces épîtres apportent sur l’âme de Paul et sur ses relations avec ses convertis des lumières d’un extrême intérêt, leur importance doctrinale n’est pas moindre. Nous y trouvons, surtout dans 1 Co, des informations et des décisions sur bien des problèmes cruciaux du christianisme primitif, aussi bien dans sa vie intérieure : pureté des mœurs, 1 Co :5.1-13 ; 6.12-20, mariage et virginité, 1 Co 7.1-40, tenue des assemblées religieuses et célébration de l’eucharistie, 11-12, usage des charismes, 1 Co 12.1–14.40, – que dans ses rapports avec le monde païen : appel aux tribunaux, 1 Co 6.1-11, viandes offertes aux idoles 8-10. Ce qui aurait pu n’être que cas de conscience ou règlements de liturgie devient, grâce au génie de Paul, occasion de vues profondes sur la vraie liberté de la vie chrétienne, la sanctification du corps, le primat de la charité, l’union au Christ. La défense de son apostolat, 2 Co 10-13, lui inspire des pages splendides sur la grandeur du ministère apostolique, 2 Co 2.12 – 6.10 ; et le sujet très concret de la collecte, 2 Co 8-9, est illuminé par l’idéal de l’union entre les Églises. L’horizon eschatologique est toujours présent et sous-tend tout l’exposé sur la résurrection de la chair, 1 Co 15. Mais les descriptions apocalyptiques de 1 Th et 2 Th font place à une discussion plus rationnelle qui justifie cette espérance difficile pour des esprits grecs. Cette adaptation de l’Évangile au monde nouveau où il pénètre se manifeste surtout dans l’opposition de la folie de la Croix à la sagesse hellénique. Aux Corinthiens qui se divisent en s’opposant leurs différents maîtres et leurs talents humains, Paul rappelle qu’il n’y a qu’un seul maître, le Christ, un seul message, le salut par sa croix, et que là est la seule et vraie Sagesse, 1 Co 1.10 – 4.13. Ainsi, par la force des choses et sans renier les perspectives eschatologiques, il est amené à insister davantage sur la vie chrétienne présente, comme union au Christ dans la vraie connaissance qui est celle de la foi. Cette vie que donne la foi, il va l’approfondir encore, et, cette fois, par rapport au judaïsme, à la suite de la crise galate.
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14:20 Be not children in understanding - This is an admirable stroke of true oratory! to bring down the height of their spirits, by representing that wherein they prided themselves most, as mere folly and childishness. In wickedness be ye infants - Have all the innocence of that tender age. But in understanding be ye grown men - Knowing religion was not designed to destroy any of our natural faculties, but to exalt and improve them, our reason in particular.
14:21 It is written in the Law - The word here, as frequently, means the Old Testament. In foreign tongues will I speak to this people - And so he did. He spake terribly to them by the Babylonians, when they had set at nought what he had spoken by the prophets, who used their own language. These words received a farther accomplishment on the day of pentecost. Is 28:11.
14:22 Tongues are intended for a sign to unbelievers - To engage their attention, and convince them the message is of God. Whereas prophecy is not so much for unbelievers, as for the confirmation of them that already believe.
14:23 Yet - Sometimes prophecy is of more use, even to unbelievers, than speaking with tongues. For instance: If the whole church be met together - On some extraordinary occasion. It is probable, in so large a city, they ordinarily met in several places. And there come in ignorant persons - Men of learning might have understood the tongues in which they spoke. It is observable, St. Paul says here, ignorant persons or unbelievers; but in the next verse, an unbeliever or an ignorant person. Several bad men met together hinder each other by evil discourse. Single persons are more easily gained.
14:24 He is convicted by all - who speak in their turns, and speak to the heart of the hearers. He is judged by all - Every one says something to which his conscience bears witness.
14:25 The secrets of his heart are made manifest - Laid open, clearly described; in a manner which to him is most astonishing and utterly unaccountable. How many instances of it are seen at this day! So does God still point his word.
14:26 What a thing is it, brethren - This was another disorder among them. Every one hath a psalm - That is, at the same time one begins to sing a psalm; another to deliver a doctrine; another to speak in an unknown tongue; another to declare what has been revealed to him; another to interpret what the former is speaking; every one probably gathering a little company about him, just as they did in the schools of the philosophers. Let all be done to edification - So as to profit the hearers.
14:27 By two or three at most - Let not above two or three speak at one meeting. And that by course - That is, one after another. And let one interpret - Either himself, 1Co 14:13; or, if he have not the gift, some other, into the vulgar tongue.It seems, the gift of tongues was an instantaneous knowledge of a tongue till then unknown, which he that received it could afterwards speak when he thought fit, without any new miracle.
14:28 Let him speak - That tongue, if he find it profitable to himself in his private devotions.
14:29 Let two or three of the prophets - Not more, at one meeting. Speak - One after another, expounding the scripture.
14:31 All - Who have that gift. That all may learn - Both by speaking and by hearing.
14:32 For the spirits of the prophets are subject to the prophets - But what enthusiast considers this? The impulses of the Holy Spirit, even in men really inspired, so suit themselves to their rational faculties, as not to divest them of the government of themselves, like the heathen priests under their diabolical possession. Evil spirits threw their prophets into such ungovernable ecstasies, as forced them to speak and act like madmen. But the Spirit of God left his prophets the clear use of their judgment, when, and how long, it was fit for them to speak, and never hurried them into any improprieties either as to the matter, manner, or time of their speaking.
14:34 Let your women be silent in the churches - Unless they are under an extraordinary impulse of the Spirit.For, in other cases, it is not permitted them to speak - By way of teaching in public assemblies. But to be insubjection - To the man whose proper office it is to lead and to instruct the congregation. Gn 3:16.
14:35 And even if they desire to learn anything - Still they are not to speak in public, but to ask their own husbands at home - That is the place, and those the persons to inquire of.
14:36 Are ye of Corinth either the first or the only Christians?If not, conform herein to the custom of all the churches.
14:37 Or spiritual - Endowed with any extraordinary gift of the Spirit. Let him - Prove it, by acknowledging that I now write by the Spirit.
14:38 Let him be ignorant - Be it at his own peril.
14:39 Therefore - To sum up the whole.
14:40 Decently - By every individual. In order - By the whole church.