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NOTES for Gal 4:11-31

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11 I am afraid of you, lest I have bestowed upon you labour in vain.
12 Brethren, I beseech you, be as I am; for I am as ye are: ye have not injured me at all.
13 Ye know how through infirmity of the flesh I preached the gospel unto you at the first.
14 And my temptation which was in my flesh ye despised not, nor rejected; but received me as an angel of God, even as Christ Jesus.
15 Where is then the blessedness ye spake of? for I bear you record, that, if it had been possible, ye would have plucked out your own eyes, and have given them to me.
16 Am I therefore become your enemy, because I tell you the truth?
17 They zealously affect you, but not well; yea, they would exclude you, that ye might affect them.
18 But it is good to be zealously affected always in a good thing, and not only when I am present with you.
19 My little children, of whom I travail in birth again until Christ be formed in you,
20 I desire to be present with you now, and to change my voice; for I stand in doubt of you.
21 Tell me, ye that desire to be under the law, do ye not hear the law?
22 For it is written, that Abraham had two sons, the one by a bondmaid, the other by a freewoman.
23 But he who was of the bondwoman was born after the flesh; but he of the freewoman was by promise.
24 Which things are an allegory: for these are the two covenants; the one from the mount Sinai, which gendereth to bondage, which is Agar.
25 For this Agar is mount Sinai in Arabia, and answereth to Jerusalem which now is, and is in bondage with her children.
26 But Jerusalem which is above is free, which is the mother of us all.
27 For it is written, Rejoice, thou barren that bearest not; break forth and cry, thou that travailest not: for the desolate hath many more children than she which hath an husband.
28 Now we, brethren, as Isaac was, are the children of promise.
29 But as then he that was born after the flesh persecuted him that was born after the Spirit, even so it is now.
30 Nevertheless what saith the scripture? Cast out the bondwoman and her son: for the son of the bondwoman shall not be heir with the son of the freewoman.
31 So then, brethren, we are not children of the bondwoman, but of the free.
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Why does Paul speak of a “son born according to the flesh”? It is not because he wishes to disparage God's covenant with the people of Israel. That covenant was by no means a theory; it was a real agreement between the living God and His people. Yet the New Covenant is a new promise, and now the Old Covenant has no force without the New. God has not taken back His words or His promises, but they can no longer be considered outside the context of the New Covenant. Moreover, only the New Covenant, only Christ's Church, gives us the possibility of direct contact with Him through the sacraments. God spoke to the righteous of the Old Testament from the cloud, but He can speak to us directly in our heart, which He enters through the sacraments.

Other notes

 
For Gal 4:11-31
11 I am afraid of you, lest I have bestowed upon you labour in vain.
12 Brethren, I beseech you, be as I am; for I am as ye are: ye have not injured me at all.
13 Ye know how through infirmity of the flesh I preached the gospel unto you at the first.
14 And my temptation which was in my flesh ye despised not, nor rejected; but received me as an angel of God, even as Christ Jesus.
15 Where is then the blessedness ye spake of? for I bear you record, that, if it had been possible, ye would have plucked out your own eyes, and have given them to me.
16 Am I therefore become your enemy, because I tell you the truth?
17 They zealously affect you, but not well; yea, they would exclude you, that ye might affect them.
18 But it is good to be zealously affected always in a good thing, and not only when I am present with you.
19 My little children, of whom I travail in birth again until Christ be formed in you,
20 I desire to be present with you now, and to change my voice; for I stand in doubt of you.
21 Tell me, ye that desire to be under the law, do ye not hear the law?
22 For it is written, that Abraham had two sons, the one by a bondmaid, the other by a freewoman.
23 But he who was of the bondwoman was born after the flesh; but he of the freewoman was by promise.
24 Which things are an allegory: for these are the two covenants; the one from the mount Sinai, which gendereth to bondage, which is Agar.
25 For this Agar is mount Sinai in Arabia, and answereth to Jerusalem which now is, and is in bondage with her children.
26 But Jerusalem which is above is free, which is the mother of us all.
27 For it is written, Rejoice, thou barren that bearest not; break forth and cry, thou that travailest not: for the desolate hath many more children than she which hath an husband.
28 Now we, brethren, as Isaac was, are the children of promise.
29 But as then he that was born after the flesh persecuted him that was born after the Spirit, even so it is now.
30 Nevertheless what saith the scripture? Cast out the bondwoman and her son: for the son of the bondwoman shall not be heir with the son of the freewoman.
31 So then, brethren, we are not children of the bondwoman, but of the free.
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As can be seen, the main problem of the Galatian Christians was that, in Paul's own words, they wanted...  Read more

As can be seen, the main problem of the Galatian Christians was that, in Paul's own words, they wanted to be "under the authority of the Torah" ("under the law," v. 21). Such a desire could well have arisen in them after Paul, whom, according to his own testimony, they had received "as a messenger of God" (vv. 12-14), had left them. The freedom of the Kingdom to which the apostle had evidently testified to them could have seemed excessive to the Galatians, as sometimes happens with new converts who are looking for a "firm hand." And then Paul's place was quite naturally taken by those whom the apostle calls "unclean zealots" (vv. 17-18). In that case, the already mentioned lust for power of these new "pastors," their claims to exclusivity, and the fact that, despite all this, the Galatian church treated them with respect and even, it seems, with a certain fear, become completely understandable and explainable.

Meanwhile Paul offers them a parable based on material from the book of Genesis. He reminds them of the well-known story of the birth of Ishmael, who was born before Isaac, although he was not Abraham's son by Sarah, the son about whom God had spoken to Abraham. That is why the apostle says that one of the two sons was born "according to the flesh," that is, exclusively according to human will, while the other was born "according to the promise," in accordance with the promise given by God (vv. 22-23). Paul compares these two sons with two unions, or "covenants": the former, based on the Torah and on following the law, and the new one, based on faithfulness to God and on the promises that had been given already to Abraham and were fulfilled, according to the apostle's word, only now, after the coming of the Messiah (vv. 24-31).

At first glance, such a contrast divides the old and new covenants just as it divides the old and new people of God. But the apostle is not speaking about division. He only wants to emphasize the fact that the former union, concluded already with Abraham, can receive its fullness only in the new, messianic union that is concluded with God through Jesus Christ. The earlier unions are not canceled or devalued, but in order to make use of everything they can give, one must turn to the One in whom they received their fullness.

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For Gal 4:22-23
22 For it is written, that Abraham had two sons, the one by a bondmaid, the other by a freewoman.
23 But he who was of the bondwoman was born after the flesh; but he of the freewoman was by promise.
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Paul allegorically interprets the story of the birth of Abraham's two sons, one by the concubine and the other by Abraham's wife Sarah. The allegory is that one of the two, born of the concubine, symbolizes...  Read more

Paul allegorically interprets the story of the birth of Abraham's two sons, one by the concubine and the other by Abraham's wife Sarah. The allegory is that one of the two, born of the concubine, symbolizes a union-covenant with God "according to the flesh," promising nothing but slavery, while the second symbolizes a union of freedom, a covenant of the spirit. The Torah, in describing the birth of both sons, contains both covenants within itself, but the fullness of relationship with God is possible only in the spirit, in freedom, and therefore in the Kingdom, which the heavenly Jerusalem symbolizes as, in the apostle's interpretation, the antithesis of the earthly Jerusalem, and in Christ, who brought this Kingdom into the world. Here the Torah ceases to be only history or only a set of prescriptions, whether legal, moral, or religious.

It becomes a description of a spiritual path, a path leading to liberation from the power of nature and therefore from the world that lies in evil. Indeed, evil first of all, at least when speaking about the human person and human history, consists in this: in that stream of human life which the language of the Bible calls the soul, the natural component has prevailed over the spiritual one, completely or predominantly determining the life of fallen humanity. And no human efforts by themselves can radically change anything here. The Torah as a set of legal or moral prescriptions is powerless here: the moral person remains under the power of sin; he is only sometimes able partially to hide his sinfulness so that it does not draw attention, just as law can sometimes hinder the most odious manifestations of the same sinfulness in public life.

And the religious component of the Torah also cannot help in any way: religion by itself does not change a person; by nature the religious person remains the same as he was born, only trying to arrange his life so as to live in harmony with God or, more broadly, with higher powers. Meanwhile, harmony with God is possible only in His Kingdom, and here a change in the person himself is already required, his liberation from the power of sin and from the predominance of the natural component in the stream of his life.

What is needed here is the inner Torah as that spiritual imperative which can give a person a certain inner dynamism directed toward changing the quality of his life, the very process of his existence. But these changes make sense only when they go all the way, to the complete transformation of the person, to a change in his very nature; and such a change is possible only with the direct participation of the Savior Himself, who brought the fullness of the Kingdom into the world and showed the world the only example of the living Torah. From the fullness of Christ, from the fullness of the Kingdom, it hardly made sense to return to religion or morality. That would not simply be a step backward, but a genuine rollback, a return from the Kingdom under the power of this world.

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For Gal 4:28-5:10
28 Now we, brethren, as Isaac was, are the children of promise.
29 But as then he that was born after the flesh persecuted him that was born after the Spirit, even so it is now.
30 Nevertheless what saith the scripture? Cast out the bondwoman and her son: for the son of the bondwoman shall not be heir with the son of the freewoman.
31 So then, brethren, we are not children of the bondwoman, but of the free.
1 Stand fast therefore in the liberty wherewith Christ hath made us free, and be not entangled again with the yoke of bondage.
2 Behold, I Paul say unto you, that if ye be circumcised, Christ shall profit you nothing.
3 For I testify again to every man that is circumcised, that he is a debtor to do the whole law.
4 Christ is become of no effect unto you, whosoever of you are justified by the law; ye are fallen from grace.
5 For we through the Spirit wait for the hope of righteousness by faith.
6 For in Jesus Christ neither circumcision availeth anything, nor uncircumcision; but faith which worketh by love.
7 Ye did run well; who did hinder you that ye should not obey the truth?
8 This persuasion cometh not of him that calleth you.
9 A little leaven leaveneth the whole lump.
10 I have confidence in you through the Lord, that ye will be none otherwise minded: but he that troubleth you shall bear his judgment, whosoever he be.
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What is freedom, and does it exist in the world? In today’s passage from the Letter to the Galatians...  Read more

What is freedom, and does it exist in the world? In today’s passage from the Letter to the Galatians, the apostle Paul emphasizes: “...stand firm in the freedom Christ has given us... for in Christ ίσχύει (what has force, what counts)... faith working through love” (in the Greek text, “δι’” means through love). Freedom, then, is the subordination of life to the principal and only truth—faith working through love—rather than to transient variations in a way of life that depend on circumstances. To be free therefore means to believe and to act with love. For the apostle, any discussion of human rights is out of place here, because freedom and unfreedom exist before the face of the Almighty. He therefore says nothing about the presence or absence of freedom to profess one’s faith: it is not granted by this world in the form of freedom of conscience, but is realized personally by each person who follows Jesus.

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