Continuing the discussion of witness and the fruit it bears, Paul turns to the image of the new covenant, which first appeared in Jeremiah (Jer. 31:31-34). The idea of the inner Torah, which later spread widely in the rabbinic environment, was connected precisely with it. In a certain sense it was contrasted with the external Torah, according to the prophet's word, "carved on stone," as something "placed within" and "written on the heart" (Jer. 31:33). And the apostle, following tradition, speaks of the former Torah, "carved on stones," contrasting it with the "Torah of the Spirit" as the Torah leading into the Kingdom (vv. 7-8).

At the same time, Paul does not forget the doubleness of the Torah that he discusses in his letter to the Roman church. The letter of the Torah kills; its breath ("spirit") gives life (v. 6). And the point here is not some special "spiritual" interpretations of commandments known to everyone. The point is which side the Torah turns toward a person. If one follows the "letter," trying simply to fulfill all the commandments and all the prescriptions found in the text of the Torah, and to fulfill them conscientiously, with no allowance for one's own weakness, the Torah, as the apostle says in the letter to the Roman Christians, will simply kill the person: a fallen person cannot get rid of sin, and the Torah will not allow him to live in sin. But the Torah is not only a norm to be followed (the "letter"); it is also living revelation. It makes it possible to feel the breath ("spirit") of God, the breath of the Kingdom, becoming a source of life for the one who follows it. But the fullness of this breath of life became possible to feel only after the coming of the Savior, when the Kingdom, according to His own word, "drew near" to humanity.

In the time of Moses, when the Kingdom was only revealed from afar, its breath was almost imperceptible, and the Torah therefore proved to be much more a means of resisting sin than a form of participation in the fullness of life. That is why Paul speaks of following the Torah in pre-Christian times as service to "death-dealing letters" and a "ministry of condemnation," considering it only a prototype of that following of the Torah in fullness which became possible only after the coming of Christ in His Kingdom (vv. 7-11). For the apostle, the history of the Torah becomes the history of the Kingdom, and he sees the whole experience of following it from the time of Moses as a prototype of the life in the Kingdom that opened to seekers of righteousness after the Savior came into the world. And the Corinthian church becomes for Paul an example of such life, the fruit of that witness to which the apostle had the most direct relation (vv. 1-3).

The prophet Jeremiah spoke for the first time in the history of the people of God of a new union-testament, the renovation of the relations with God, and the expression "new union" (or "new testament") belongs to him in particular. Jeremiah spoke about the new testament as about a messianic testament, being sure that the coming of the Messiah will change qualitatively the relationships between God and His people, in the same way as the relationships between God and individual. And for Paul the new testament becomes not only the messianic covenant, but the covenant of the Kingdom. Indeed, the union with Christ is possible only in case the man becomes an inhabitant of the Kingdom. Is exact also the opposite: you will not become an inhabitant of the Kingdom, not having concluded first union with Christ. But what then mean in this context the words of the apostle that the ministers of this new union-testament - ministers not of the letter that kills, but ministers of the spirit that gives life? Of course, the whole Kingdom is filled with the breath of God. This breath penetrated the world the day of the Pentecost, when the Kingdom entered into it and when in it was born the Church. But, speaking about the union-testament, all prophets and all teachers also always mentioned the Torah, without which there is no testament. And Paul, speaking about the new testament, do not refuse the Torah, which he, such as Jeremiah, considers not as a text, but as the spiritual internal state of man. According to the words of the prophet, the Torah will not already be stamped on the stone, but written on the human heart. But this is possible only if the Torah will stop being just a text, which, as any text, can be studied and commented, and will become what in the time of Paul in the rabbinical middle, where the apostle came from, was called the internal Torah. It was about this spiritual internal rod, which defined the spiritual quality of life of man, his relationships with God, with Christ, with the neighbor. Such an approach of the Torah contrasted tremendously with the very wide-spread in that time in certain rabbinical schools literalism, even if it was about a purely Jewish approach. For Paul, who no matter what it is about, always spoke about the Christ and about the Kingdom, the contrast was even more striking: because if man could take with him in the Kingdom the internal Torah, literalism had no place there. It only took away from the Kingdom the one who is fond of it. The letter, which has become the object of worship, spiritually killed those who worshiped it, by closing the worshiper the way to the Kingdom. And the breath of the Kingdom transformed man into "the letter of Christ", making him what in the rabbinical middle in this period was called "the living Torah" - the living realization of this fullness of righteousness, which is possible only in the Kingdom.

These words of the apostle are very widely known. The apostle juxtaposes the Old and the New Testament, and the letter countered in this case as symbol of the law written in the Old Testament. Why the apostle asserts that the written law is a murderous thing? And what if the law was right and just? Literally, the legislation of the Old Testament contains good, necessary and right laws.

But, being already written, the law becomes in a way an objective reality separated from the executor, and quite as from the most important, the legislator. It is not because no written law can exhaust all the varieties of the real life, although it is evident.

But it’s a faceless thing, controlling the life of those that God endowed the image and the resemblance of His personality, and that is why there is a humiliation of this image. It is not accidentally that on the eve of the time of the New Testament, arise in Israel a representation on the Divine Wisdom - it is the personification of the law, composing its living sense, its spirit.

Words on Wisdom in the Bible turn out to be prophecies about Christ, because they reflect God’s will to become directly the Master of His Kingdom On the contrary, the everlasting Spirit of the New Testament gives the possibility to its participants not to be under the influence of tables of stones, but under the influence of the very Legislator.

It doesn’t mean at all, let’s say, that the moral requirements demanded to them were different from those of the participants of the Sinai covenant. "I am not come to destroy the law, but to fulfill" says the Lord Himself. But it is not these requirements which make the main part of the human life. Their execution becomes a function, a demonstration of a personal relationship with the Legislator.

After the words about the murderous letter and the vivifying Spirit, the apostle speaks in detail about the glory of the Old and the New Testament. Regrettably, our sad history considerably distorted the understanding of this word that is why this word needs explanation. It is not about what imply slogans. We remember glory of the kings and masters of the earth.

Our brothers-Christians in Ancient Rome called it very exactly "pompa diaboli". The biblical sense of the word "glory" (from Greek. δόξα, from Latin gloria) is most deeply shown in the vision of Esaïe: "the glory of the Lord has filled the temple".

It is the form of such presence of God, when the man knows and blesses this presence. And it is in particular why the plenitude of such a glory in the New Testament turns out qualitatively superior to the letters of the law of the Old Testament.